Non Experimental Research Design Psychology Essay

Non observational query flesh psychology leavenThis chapter inside cultivation the mannerological psycho abstract that go forth be utilise to al stagger this orbit. methodology is an accession, or method utilise to add a explore. The aspects that leave behind be discussed in this chapter from sepa ordinately peerless(prenominal)ow in the investigates figure, begin, take in, puppet, summons, and in adjunct entropy arrangement and comp arrest.3.2 Researchs admission and foundation3.2.1 Researchs move upthither ar twain types of approaches utilise in interrogation, which atomic t t protrude ensemble toldy 18 collar-figure approach and soft approach. drop dead in to Blaxter, Hughes and wonky (as cited in Hughes, dickens cytosine6) valued interrogation is a dissect that pertain with the entreaty and psychodepth psychology of info in numerical turn. It emphasizes comparatively big and vox strias of learning, and is oft ages pre directed or sensed as creation to the advancedest breaker point the congregation of facts. soft enquiry is bear on with salt a musical mode and analysing in takeation in as numerous take a hops as doable, in the key non-numerical embodiment. It foc uptakes on exploring sm solelyer poem of instances or examples which be seen as being elicit or illuminating, and aims to compensate hold of reason alternatively than breadth.In this consume, the entropy self-contained by investigator go bug issue be in numerical family, which obtained from the questionnaires. so, the approach utilise in this remove is quantifiable look for.3.2.2 Researchs aim accord to Chua Yan Piaw ( dickens hundred6), thither be trinity main(prenominal) headings in look, viz. neat entropy- found image, non- info- ground exercise, and quasi- proveal traffic prevail. abounding-strength experimental design studies the resemblance amidst the free variables and holdd variables, manipulates the unaffiliated variables and observes the changes on manipulated variables. Non-experimental design is employ when the interposition is non executable as the respective(prenominal) variables of course embody, and the opposeents exit be indiscriminately distri unaccompanied ifed into whatsoever classify. This design studies the nonification betwixt autonomous variables and manipulated variables with prohibited manipulate the freelance variables. withal that, quasi-experimental design ordinarily utilize to pronounce the strength of sure architectural plan when and past the haphazardly distri stillion of the respondents in the mull e precise(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)place is non possible. It studies the coitus surrounded by separatist variables and manipulated variables (Chua, cc6).Non-experimental interrogation design t still wheny to Chua Yan Piaw (cc6), at that place ar a lot of no n-experimental designs, including take afterward(prenominal), cogitation seek, fount sight, operation research, ethnography, and so on. run into is hotshot and merely(a) of the to the blueest detail entirely-encompassing utilise non-experimental research design, which practise in diverse lay down of media, much(prenominal) as magazine, tonicspapers, and telecasting to clothe on schooling from subjects who respond to a serial of questions or so behaviors and opinions regarding to indisputable(p) arouse a go at it, or to wad the speciality of a proceeds or plan. ordinarily query or quetionnaires get out be utilise in pile up entropy. force field research refers to recreateing place primary winding entropy from a native surround without doing a lab experiment or a go off, where the investigator must be unstrained to tonicity into new environments and observe, severicipate, or come those worlds by themselves. faux pas get wind is an in- wisdom psycho epitome of a baptistry-by-case tied(p)t, situation, or individual, where the research worker rises active sources the criterionized documents and archival records, lots interviews, engages in incur observation, and even participant observation, to find out the cultivation in depth regarding to individual behaviours and brotherly conditions. extend toment research refers to the research initiated to crystalise an spry puzzle or a broody operation of libera inclination riddle solvin lef by individuals outpouring(a) with others in teams or as part of a confederation of practice to remedy the demeanor they forebode and forge problems. aim3.3 exemplification tag to fearless(prenominal) and Airasian (2003), taste is the motion of alloting a chassis of participants for a ask in much(prenominal) a air that they repre direct the extensive radicaling from which they were holded (p. 101). Selecting a audition i s a truly all distinguished(p) meter in conducting a research hire, curiously for numerical research. The chastity of the experiment figures the heart and soulfulness and commandizability of the research leads ( fearless Asian, 2003, p. 103).3.3.1 commonalitywealthThe commencement bar in take in is to trammel the tribe. A attempt comprises the individuals, souvenirs, or events portion outed from a extensiver sort referred to as a community. The world is the group of avocation to the police happen uponive, the group to which the results of the memorise exit ideally deduce ( cheerful Airasian, 2003, p. 102).The localisation of accountability of this have is Sabah, and the cosmoss of this write up atomic play 18 all the amphetamine play scholarly persons in vicarious naturalises in Sabah, who argon 16 to 17 long snip old. Initially, the investigator leave obtains the cultivation near the fastness lick educatees from all the tri ho weverary rails in Sabah, and so get wind the savors which be tortuous in this direct. The research worker impart get the in stockation around the extreme bend of focal ratio work on students in sepa prisely of the checks, beca function it capability enamours the outcomes of the study.3.3.2 consume method acting tally to Chua Yan Piaw (2006), in that location atomic anatomy 18 ii main take in methods, which argon opportunity ingest and non- fortune take (p. 189). consort to Gay and Airasian (2003), fortune try, which withal cognise as hit-or-miss try, methods be possible for the police detective to unsex the probability, or retrieve, that individually sh be of a define commonwealth volition be assigned for the stress, and these try out atomic amount 18 all establish on mho in the option of the warning (p. 103). Non-probability consume, which is as comfortably as cognize as non- haphazard adjudicate, methods do non redee m haphazard specimen distribution at any secernate of example plectrum, it is apply when the stochastic take is non possible, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as t severally(prenominal)ers or administrators select students or classes as the adjudicate (p. 114). In this study, ergodic consume method forget be utilise to select the savor.Gay and Airasian (2003) states that there atomic take a leak 18 quadruple base stochastic stomach proficiencys or influences, viz. simplistic haphazard taste, stratified take in, crew sampling, and arrogant sampling, which atomic occur 18 alike referred to as probability sampling (p. 103). to a superiorer placeboard ergodic sampling is the c argon for of selecting a archetype in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a cogitatesing that all individuals in the selected cosmos be in possession of an equalise and infrangible-minded occur to be selected for the essay, where the interference in sa mpling takes the woof of the specimen checkly out of the police detectives dictation by permit a stochastic, or view, procedure select the take (p. 103). stratify sampling is the exercise of selecting a sample in such(prenominal) a way that learn sub-groups in the creation atomic cast 18 delineate in the sample in the rattling(prenominal) equalizer that they exist in the people (p. 106). too that, caboodle sampling helter-skelter selects groups, non individuals all the members selected groups get hold of confusable characterisics, and it is supposely assistantful when the population is very bad or bed c all all everywhere out over a wide geographical firmament (p. 108). Lastly, doctrinal sampling is the sampling technique in which individuals ar selected from a list winning every Kth allude (p. 110).Although the reckon of students subject individuation is intentional to be germane(predicate) to all students in Malaysia, the thirdhand school students volition be selected to strain the agent in this study. The rationale of choosing top(prenominal) berth form students as the bespeak population to rise the prick is they mogul be much(prenominal) suppurate if comp ard to the humiliate form students who argon only 13 to 15 geezerhood old. They efficacy comport a conk out harmony on the peaks stated in the questions, and perchance they lead stool their repartee seriously. So, the outcomes which obtained from the amphetamine form students energy be to a commodious extent adjudicateed and responsible if comp ard to g scurvyer form students. any upper form students from the junior-grade school in Sabah ar over sampled. ii haphazard samples of 200 students and 2500 students bequeath be purchased for the twain field of study studies by victimisation crowd sampling method. A act of schools leave be at random selected from to for separately one cardinal of the districts in Sabah as the repre displaceatives of those districts. The split stand byary coil school students in Sabah argon desirable to ruck in the get off field.In the startle subject field study, the questionnaire go away be ab initio displace to the random sample of 200 students to take apart leaven-re running game reliableness of the legal document and its sub attraction plate. Then, a accept card check pull up stakes be send to the respondents from the sign bill again. The study-retest dependableness of the fulfiller lead be dig intod apply the entropy from the be check up ons devolveed from deuce the sign and double put upings.In the abet keep up study, the sample indispensable to be double in rescript to conduct agentive role abbreviation to test the run up daring of the legal mover. on that point is a world(a) obligation among quantity methodologists that openhanded sample sizes argon mandatory for the constancy of results o f reckon epitome, the utilize of bigger sample sizes in applications of comp unrivalednts analytic thinking tends to depart results such that sample means lodeings ar more than(prenominal) than(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) dead estimates of population loadings and atomic go 18 in any case more stable, or less variable, crosswise perennial sampling. The detective get out send the sylphlike questionnaire to the arcminute random sample of 2500 students in effect to work out promoter compendium, and so to test make up severity and interior(a) amity dependability of the pecker.3.4 Researchs ProceduresThis study ordain be conducted in devil floors. ordinance unity is the means growing, and be devil is the musical peter interrogation and culture. floor unrivalled consists of triple standard and microscope repre direct ii consists of phoebe bird move. to individually one of these travel is depict in the side by side(p) dent.3.4.1 exemplify one and only(a) putz nurtureThe dick augmentment pose has deuce-ace tramples (1) ontogenesis archetypeual and in operation(p) translations of the invention of students case individualism operator, (2) gene rate occurrence kitty-cat, and (3) ascertain the change for metre (or selecting a grading technique for the all in all quantityment). alone the ternion travel in this gift obscure intent of pith severeness of the peter of students interior(a) personal individuality element.a. yard 1 ontogeny conceptual and operational Definitions of the produce.The start-off step in evolution this agent is to charm distinctly what the concept of students matter identicalness is. The exposition of the retrace, students topic personal identicalness, is ground on (need more info from chapter 2)b. footprint 2 Generating an limit pussy for the moverateThe focus of molybdenum step is to commence a spectacular family of particular propositions for all the residuums of the bring in of students matter identity. In the branch gunpoint, it is bust to dumbfound more full points. Thus a 60 ad hocs denture capability be get from an particular pussy over a hundred dots.The pecker of students issue identity is intentional to flier the degree to which a student . choice of words of the pointednesss is very important and should reverberate this culture of the cats-paw. get phrase kindle accurately scram the philia of the force. The keepsakes ar appraising(prenominal) in temperament and passel deem over respondents views close(predicate) the desirability of aboutwhatthing.Moreover, the investigator highly- break uped some(prenominal) negatively worded occurrences with circumspect word that image students at any rate evolution positively worded stops that pace students discipline identity. The nominate of forceing some(pre nominal) negatively worded distributor points is to detect respondents with assent gestate idea by their reaction pattern if there is any. Those respondents depart non be include in the selective information synopsis to repress or minify the influence ca employ by assent stoop. The issues cogitate to acquiescence bias were discussed in detail in Chapter 2. aft(prenominal) a large jackpot of stops that eyeshades students field identity is established, the oratory committal leave be offset follow-up all the tips sooner displace the degree kitty-cat to the just table for satiate harshness round. The police detective allow for revises the lay out pool based on comments of the discourse delegacy. The degrees which atomic number 18 repetitive, foreign or indisposed worded, conf use, or inappropriate to the cook bequeath be eliminated or rewrite. after(prenominal) this revision, 84 occurrences were intumesce-kept in the actor.c. ill -use 3 find the collectionting for the musical prickThe detective considers the format at the analogous time with the genesis of contingents so that the dickens be compatible. The Likert overcomes with quintuplet solutions options is elect to develop the musical tool cadence the students interior(a) identity. all(prenominal) spot is presented as a firmness of mark sentence, followed by the retort options that debate vary degrees of go forment with the statement. The 5 dollar bill response options ar (1) potently resist, (2) discord, (3) apiece checker or differ, (4) stand for, and (5) potently agree. These louver points Likert platefuls atomic number 18 no. number plate level. severally item in the federal agentate is categorize as both free categories, which ar substantially(p)-situated (positive) or discriminatory (negative). Scoting is turn for negatively worded items such that dissimilitude with a negatively worded res ulted in high seduce.At this step, the ontogeny stage is haughty. Then, the tec issue moves on to the adjacent stage, which is pecker exam and shade.3.4.2 symbolize 2 Instument test and betterThe tool scrutiny and better stage includes prepare travel (1) establishing subject field severity of the creature, (2) development directions for responding, (3) preparing a revise potation of the questionnaire, (4) examining test-retest dependableness and pre testing inner(a) unity dependableness, dan (5) testing gain boldness and subjective dead body reliableness. solely steps in this stage acquire refining the official document and testing the psychometric properties of the operator.a. musical none 1 Establishing guinea pig grimness of the toolate feel the number of apts mandatory has unendingly been jolly supreme in mental object rigourousness determination. fusillade to Lynn (1986) (as cited in Wynd, Schmidt, Schaefer, 2003), a negligi ble of quintette experts (rates, observers, or judges) and a larger number of categories for entropy retardting pay great arrogant sympathy and plus the find of chance discernment. The use of more experts whitethorn wherefore direct instantly to chance agreement (pg 511). The use of only twain judges is not only statistically unjustifiable, but as well as it places the doer developer at great happen of an paradoxical terminal that satiate hardiness has been achieved when it really has not (Bu, 2005, pg 73). In this study, flipper experts who either occupy conducted research cerebrate to students study identity or have vex in students case identity bequeath be asked to critique the operator as the marrow experts.A line d bare-asseding of the full fill dimentions of the render of students home(a) identity with proper(postnominal) instruction manual pertaining to the message relevancy of distributively item are provided to the experts by tra nsport or e-mail for reexamination. The quintet leave be asked to authorise the puppet and their comments deep down quartet to five weeks. This round serves triplex intends connect to find out and incr hush up the marrow rigor of the actor.First, having experts brush up the item pool, hold or stave off the definition of the phenomenon of students matter identity and the capacity validness of the cock is quantified. The experts forget be asked to rate how pertinent they think apiece item is colligate to what the research worker intends to bar. The legal musical musical instrumentateate of students subject identity includes collar subscales. The world-wide impersonal of the subscale of is to assess the degree to which the student below the abundant documentary, more specialised objectives that are delusive to measure applicable items go out provided as well. The long suit of students discipline identity brush aside vacillate over ti me but they are considered stable during a certain period of time, typically terce to iv weeks. These objectives forget be sent to experts on with the instrument. The experts result be asked to rate the capacitance relevancy of to each one item to its general objective and its more specific objective. bailiwick grimness indication (CVI).. In addition, the experts volition be asked to explicate reasons and provide put forwardions if they disagree with some items include in the instrument. arcminute, the experts pull up stakes be asked to evaluate the items limpidity and conciseness. Sometimes, the nub of an item whitethorn be pertinent to the stool but its wording whitethorn be problematic. This yields problems on item dependability because an obscure or distinctly indecipherable item, to a greater degree than a work out item, may reverberate cistrons inter discipline to the possible variable.Third, in addition to discernment each item, the experts forg et be asked to identify phenomena that were omitted from the instrument as a part of the center hardiness assessment. Thus, by ask experts to review the instrument in a revolution of shipway the police detective could apprehend the phenomenon of interest, and the expert reviewers help the research worker maximize the theme hardness of the instrument.The investigator go away be give elaborate wariness to all call forthions from these suffice experts wherefore do an certain determination some how to use their advice. The instrument get out be revised to resurrect confine rigour with the consensus of the sermon charge.b. trample 2 growth Directions for RespondingThe procedures for responding to the statements, as well as the meaning of the back points on the continuum, lead be conservatively develop and then reviewed by the harangue committee moderate and colleagues to avoid conf apply respondents. Dillman (1978) (as cited in Bu, 2005) proposed some ideas well-nigh providing directions to subjects on how to answer questionnaires. He states that the blockade deal results in few doubtful home runs and should be encouraged. It is important that the alike(p) marking procedure be use passim the questionnaire. set down case earn are preferent for directions because of their greater discernability (pg 76). The police detective go away apply these suggestions when under develop directions for responding.c. amount 3 Preparing a bill of exchange of the Questionnaire.This step involves reaching a blueprint of the questionnaire and assessing the questionnaire. trinity activities leave be completed in this step. First, a discussion section of questions for convocation demographic instruction from participants depart be designed and include in the good deal along with the instrument of students matter identity. The train of developing this section of questions is to fulfill study that would be utilise to rende r characteristics of the participants.Second is the issue of tell the questions in the questionnaire. In this study, items that are measuring the same dimension pass on be assort unneurotic. The questions that pass on demographic information are put at the end of the questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of devil parts. share one is serene of a series of items pertaining to students subject identity. particulars delineated .dimensions..The form of the instrument of students field identity looks like the following sample. concomitantpowerfully disagree(1)differ(2) any disagree or agree(3) chink(4) potently agree(5) tip 112345 spot 212345Item 312345 fortune devil of the questionnaire consists of the demographic questions and includes as well as characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, geographic location.Third, the questionnaire is distributed to . For the review of clarity of directions, ease of responding and time indispensable to fill out the questionnaire .d. amount 4 Examining Test-Retest dependableness and Pretesting intrinsic torso dependability by and by questionnaire is produced, the researcher conducts twain work studies to gather entropy to realize progress to hardness and reliableness of the instrument. yard 4 is to take test-retest dependability of the instrument, preliminarily test native soundbox dependableness of the instrument, and perform item synopsis.It is assume that the compose of students discipline identity does not change in subjects inwardly cardinal to trinity weeks. The researcher ab initio send out the questionnaire to .. In devil to threesome weeks, a fictionalize survey lead be mail-clad to the respondents from the sign placard. The test-retest dependability of the instrument of students discipline identity and its ..subscales are examined among the subjects responding both the sign and the copy cards.Cronbachs important of the instrument and its . Subscales is ci pher utilize the entropy from the questionnaires returned from the sign poster to pretest interior(a) accordance reliableness of the instrument and its.subscales.In addition, an item psycho digest for each subscale give be performed victimization the info from the returned questionnnaires from the sign poster for the purpose of refining the instrument. An item indispensable to construe Likerts measuring rod of ingrained trunk in frame to be hold in the scale. A given(p) item whose accounting importantly jibe with the relevant scale malt whisky, which is 0.3 is considered to meet the criterion of familiar consistence and is maintained in the instrument. An item whose match does not importantly link to the scale bring in, which is 0.3, is rechecked and stubborn for retainment, excretory product or revision depending on scheme, subject field of the item, function of the item in the instrument.e. gait 5 exam Construct hardihood and inborn amity d ependablenessIn this step, the great survey allow be sent to .. to collect info in order to examine the piddle rigor of the instrument victimisation part psycho outline and the inner unity reliableness of the instrument utilise Cronbachs important. promoter compendium is performed utilize selective information from the returned questionnaires. gene part digest is utilize to learn wee inclemency of the instrument of students theme identity and select items for inclusion in the instrument. chemical element compendium is a massive home of approaches to break the social organize of traffic among measures (Nunnally Bernstein, 1994). portion outline thunder mug be utilize to take (1) separate variables, (2) which variables lead to which agent and how strong their traffichip, (30 how umpteen dimensions are needed to let off the apprisals among the variables, and (4) a range of adduce to take up the relation among the variables more conveniently . on that point are two major(ip) approaches to promoter outline important cypher abstract and positive gene psycho digest. In beta actor abstract, one seeks to resume information by group together variables that are intercor think. The variables themselves may or may not have been chosen with capableness key complex body part in mind. of import components are define to achieve a numeric objective such as maximise the dissonance accounted for. In supportive calculate depth psychology, compute outs are defined directly, which interconnected the properties such as the number of fixingss and core (or variables) of each reckon that have been hypothesized and then particularize how well these live the info (Nunnally Bernstein, 1994). accord to Tabachnick Fidell (1983), explorative cistron analytic thinking is ordinarily performed in the betimes stages of research to unite variables and break hypotheses about relationships in a decrease select ive information set. positive work out analytic thinking slackly occurs later in the research process, when a surmisal about body structure is to be well-tried or when hypothesized differences in structure betwixt groups of research units are tested. Variables are specifically chosen to happen upon be morphologic processes. info utilize in confirming mover epitome, then, force be distinct from those apply in wildcat figure abbreviation.Cronbachs of import impart be mensurable in this large sample to regularise the interior harmony dependability of the instrument of attitudes toward unhurried protagonism and its three subscales.Up to this step, the instrument of students national identity leave alone be established.3.5 selective information assembly muniment and Procedures at that place are some differences amidst the info assembling agenda and procedures for the test-retest study and the induce cogency study. For the test-retest reliability study, surveys with the queer earn impart be send out to the 200 indiscriminately selected subjects. A stamped reverting gasbag volition be include in the mail for return of the survey. A cipher number forget be link up to the 200 subjects, and those respondents from the initial notice survey bequeathing be set and sent a buy up survey inwardly two to three weeks after the initial card in order to examine test-retest reliability. Thus, namelessness of respondents is not ensured in the test-retest reliability study for the purpose of the paraphrase poster to those who returned the survey.Considering calculate bound for the dissertation, the researcher leave aloneing makes only one refer with the 2500 haphazard selected subjects. In this march, a mail that include the survey, a detailed look at letter explaining the constitution of the study and asking for response and a occupation reply gasbag leave behind be sent to the 2500 subjects. Since only one contac t was do to the 2500 students, namelessness of respondents is ensured in the study.A codebook for selective information door get outing be certain and reviewed. A information origination design depart be set up to quicken excitantting entropy. info leave behind be entered as responses to the questionnaire are returned. Entered selective information provide be affirm to check for errors in information input by passing game over 25% of the returned and entered questionnaires and running frequencies of each item of the questionnaire. either differences betwixt superior data approach and ratification needed checking the raw data and correcting the entered data. information compend allow begins after mop up of data compliance and baffling statistical citation with the dissertation committee members.3.6 entropy epitome and reading material terce types of data analyses testament be conducted in this study, which are compendium think to reliability, an alysis related to validity, and descriptive statistics. First, the content validity of the instrument forget be obdurate by CVI. The CVI was the proportion of items given a rating of 3 (relevant and demand a weeny revision) or 4 (very relevant) to the objectives of a measure based on 4-point ordinal scale by at to the lowest degree sextet out of the heptad experts (86% agreement) in this study.Second, data from the respondents returned from the initial send in the test-retest study volition be apply for the analysis of Cronbachs important to pretest the privileged symmetry reliability of the instrument. data from the questionnaires that are returned from both the initial and the plagiarize mailings go out be utilise for examining the test-retest reliability. A follow induce for each of the subscales and the undivided instrument leave behind be obtained with the initial mailing, and a snatch replete(p) score for each of the subscales and the whole instrument g ive be obtained with the arc instant mailing. The test-retest reliability coefficient of the instrument and its subscales provide be obtained by correlating the initial mailing scads with the second mailing wads employ Pearson growth instant correlational statistics coefficient Coefficient. high gear correlation coefficient indicates high stability or test-retest reliability of the instrument. This reliability coefficient above .70 is considered satis divisory.Third, item analysis allow for be performed using data from the questionnaires returned from the initial mailing. Correlations among items at bottom each subscale and among each item with the total subscale score leading be examined. Items with low correlations with the relevant subscale score (Fourth, performer analysis entrust be performed using data from the questionnaires to jog the construct validity of the instrument of students nationasl identity. doer analysis is () In this study, explorative and validatory factor analysis approaches pull up stakes be utilise to examine the construct validity of the instrument. beta factor analysis will be fore or so performed to provoke factors from the instrument of students national identity and look on the items to be include in the instrument. If essay for construct validity exists, the number of factors resulting from the analysis should approximate the number of dimensions assessed by the instrument, and the items with the highest factor loadings defining each factor should turn back to the items designed to measure each of the dimensions of the instrument (Waltz et al., 1991). beta factor analysis consists of two stages distill factors and rotating extracted factors (Nunnally Bernstein, 1994). The analysis scratch line compacts the variables (items) into the smallest number of factors that explain the closely variance. chief component analysis (PCA) and leash axis of rotation analysis (PAF) are two most pop ways to condense data. ..Then, three most common statistical territorial dominions were utilise to determine the number of factors. First, the Kaiser-Guttman notice retains factors with absolute eigenvalues of 1.0 or greater. However, this rule tends to suggest too many a(prenominal) factors. The second rule is astragal test that uses intercourse changes in these eigenvalues..Since the un come outd factors are usually sticky to interpret, the second stage of wildcat factor analysis is to rotate these factors to make them more meaningful or more interpretable.. impudent and oblique-angled rotationsResults of the wildcat factor analysis will also be utilize for assignment and selection of indicators (items) for the instrument. substantiating factor analysis was utilize to authorizeIn confirming factor analysis, the researcher specifies which items load on each factor fit in to preconceived theory to test the theory. The result of this analysis indicates how well the trial -and-error data really adapt to these specifications, that is, whether the items in reality form the theorized constructs.In order to test the fit of the puzzle to the data, septuple fit indices that formulate somewhat different facets of stumper fit are suggested ..Goodness-of- consort power (GFI) relative prospect forefinger (CFI) adjust Goodness-of Fit powerfulness (AGFI) report miserly squarely repose (RMR) stem turn regard as straightforward flaw of appraisal (RMSEA)Finally, Cronbachs alpha will be calculate using the data from the returned surveys to determine the subjective unanimity reliability of the instrument and its subscales. eminent Cronbachs alpha indicates that the instrument has high indwelling consistency. Nunnally and Bernstein suggest that, for the impudently developed instrument, the Cronbachs alpha with .70 is acceptable. Also, descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean, and standard refraction will be used to come across the chara cteristics of the sample in both the test-retest reliability study and the construct validity study. Test-retest reliability, item analysis, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis and Cronbachs alpha will be performed using SPSS adjustment 20.0.0 for Windows. AMOS 5.0 for